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Finish "Beowulf". Be prepared to discuss the following questions in class:
    1.Before going on into Beowulf's final adventure, a good way to get reoriented might be to look back at the passage on p. 149,
     where Beowulf's character is summed up, with four qualities being highlighted by the poet. What are they? Why are they important
     virtues for this society?
     2.When Beowulf becomes king, we're told his principal duty is to be "warden of the land," which he does well. What creates a
     threat to Beowulf's rule after half a century? In what way is this last battle an act of Weird?
     3.Starting "long ago. . .", on p. 153, is a section of Beowulf known as "The Lay [or Song] of the Last Survivor." It tells the story of a
     lost race of men all but one of whom died in a fatal battle with their enemies. The only survivor lived to mourn his people and to
     finally die, leaving his treasure to be found by a dragon, which has guarded it for centuries. Read that section carefully, noting the
     mood and the way in which the objects that survive the people are described in such a way as to evoke a picture of their departed
     owners. Why is it appropriate to tell the story as an opening to the final third of Beowulf?
     4.If you're familiar with The Last of the Mohicans, you might think about parallels between that story and "The Lay of the Last
     Survivor."
     5. It is common in a culture that buries treasure with the dead to evolve stories designed to ward off grave robbers. In what sense is the dragon part of such a story? Does the slave intend to rob a grave? If not, why is he punished? Why does the punishment extend to the rest of the society as well?
     6.What changes does Beowulf make in his fighting costume before he goes out to meet the dragon? Why?
     7.On p. 159, the reader is alerted to the doom of both the dragon and Beowulf; what words does the poet use to describe each?
     Why is it typical of this culture to suggest the outcome just as the action begins?
     8.Just as excitement is building, the poet slows us down with a lengthy account of how Hygelac and his son Heardred died, despite
     Beowulf's attempts to protect them, and how Beowulf became king in his turn. What purpose does this account serve?
     9.Beowulf himself then enters, with eleven thanes and the slave who stole the dragon's jeweled cup. On p. 165, we are told that
     Beowulf "was sad at heart, unsettled yet ready, sensing his death." Before making his last boast, he too circles back on the past,
     recalling the deaths of Hygelac's two older brothers, one killing the other by accident and then dying himself in battle. On pp.
     169-171, we find Beowulf's final boast. What does he pledge to do as long as he lives? Why?
     10.Once the battle begins, Beowulf strikes the dragon, but "the glittering sword, infallible before that day, failed when he
     unsheathed it, as it never should have." The worst desertion, however, is reserved for his picked band of thanes; what do they do
     that will forever disgrace them?
     11.Who is Wiglaf, and what does he have to say to his fellow warriors?
     12.Wiglaf then puts his words into action in aiding Beowulf; how does the dragon greet him? When Beowulf strikes with his sword,
     Naegling, what saves the dragon? Why is this ironic?
     13.Wiglaf cannot save the doomed Beowulf, but he is able to ensure that Beowulf's last battle will not be a losing one. Why is this
     so important to both him and Beowulf? How does he assist Beowulf?
     14.In most heroic stories, the older hero is accompanied at the end by a younger one who survives the battle. What does this plot
     element add to the story? Can you think of any other stories with a similar ending?
     15.On p. 185, Beowulf sums up what he sees as the great achievements of his life. What are they and what does it tell you about
     him that he mentions these particular things?
     16.What is Beowulf's final request? Is it granted?
     17.Beowulf's last action is to give Wiglaf Beowulf's own golden collar; why is this appropriate?
     18.On p. 191, we have an epitaph for the dragon; what is his final destiny?
     19.When Wiglaf returns to his hearth companions, still hiding in the woods, he calls down a curse on them; what is the curse and
     what makes it a fitting punishment for their crime?
     20.Before we can bury Beowulf, we have a final flashback, this time to the first of two Swedish wars, years earlier, in which the
     Geats, under Hygelac, successfully defended their lives and lands. Why does the messenger bring up the Swedish wars at this
     time?
     21.What do the surviving Geats decide to do with Beowulf's treasure, won from the dragon? Why?
     22.On pp. 201-202, Wiglaf's messenger predicts fate of Beowulf's people in the years to come. What is his prediction? Why does
     it make sense from what we know about earlier Geatish history?
     23.The final pages of Beowulf are devoted to a description of his funeral: be ready to talk about its details.
     24.What is Beowulf's epitaph?
     Some overall things to think about when you look back on the poem:
     1.In his epitaph, Beowulf is praised for his specifically Christian virtues: one major theme of the poem is the replacement of the old
     ethic of loyalty and revenge with the Christian ideal of heroism and forgiveness. Beowulf values loyalty with peace, justice and care
     of his people. Thus the poem's conclusion appears to stand at the midpoint between the death of the old Germanic faith and the
     birth of Christianity in Anglo-Saxon Britain. What do you see as Beowulf's chief virtues? What makes him more heroic than, say,
     Hrothgar or Hygelac, both of whom are accounted great kings?
     2.Beowulf was a hero who kept the forces of nature at bay for several generations of Geats and their allies, the Danes; in that
     accomplishment, what does he have in common with other heroes? Why is the idea of an almost superhuman champion who steps
     in to protect us (the ordinary ones) so attractive to people of so many cultures, do you think? Can you find any contemporary
     examples of such heroes, in movies or video games or comics, for instance?
     3.What do you see happening to the Geats after the poem ends? Be ready to explain how your continuation fits into the themes
     and events in the poem itself.
     4.If you planned to adapt the poem into a screenplay for a movie version, how would you structure it? What would you change?
     What would remain the same? Why? More entertainingly, how would you cast it?
     5.Thinking back to the workshop on ethical systems, I'd like you to answer the following questions in terms of Beowulf and his
     society:
          What kinds of actions by human beings do you find completely unacceptable?Why?
          What kinds of actions by human beings do you find unacceptable under some circumstances and acceptable under others?
          Explain the circumstances.
          What, if any, obligation do you believe people have to contribute to the wellbeing of other people?
          What qualities would you say make a person a good member of society?
          By what standard could you judge whether a person has had a good life or not?

Thanks to Professor Bailey for sharing study questions!