Final Review

Review for Final Exam

Format:
- 15 IDs at 2 points each
- 20 short answer questions at 3 points each
- 2 longer questions (see below), at 5 points each
In general, know people, places, battles, concepts, policies, laws or statutes, events, wars or rivalries, and the long term consequences of Tudor policies.

Texts from which exam will be drawn:

Morris, Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century, chapters 16-19.
Haigh, Elizabeth I.
Kelsey, Sir Francis Drake.

Morris, chapter 16: The Revolt of the Netherlands
- Be aware of the social, political, and religious context of the revolt of the Netherlands.
- Be able to discuss how Philip's priority of undermining the autonomy of the Dutch ruling class led to conflict.
- Know the figures on pp. 268-269: Duke of Alva, Duke of Parma, William of Orange.
- Be able to discuss what brought on the three revolts.
- Be able to discuss the new concepts in military strategy in the Spanish army of Flanders.
- Understand the basic development of the Dutch state.
Morris, chapter 17: Spain under Philip II
- Be able to describe Philip's ruling style and strategies.
- Be able to describe the Counter-Reformation in Spain.
- Be able to describe the rivalry over Portugal between Philip II and Dom Antonio.
- Be aware of Philip's ambivalence toward England.
- Be able to discuss the events and consequences of the 1588 Armada, from this text and from the others.
Morris, chapter 18: The England of Elizabeth: State, Church, and Society
- Know the most important administrators of Elizabeth's reign, their politics and their influence (they are listed in chap. 19, on page 323).
- Be able to discuss the Elizabethan Religious Settlement -- what were the contending religious forces confronting Elizabeth when she came to the throne, and how did she negotiate them?.
- Know the major churchmen of Elizabeth's reign: Edmund Grindal, Matthew Parker, John Whitgift, John Foxe
- Be able to discuss the social and economic considerations of Elizabethan policies.
Morris, chapter 19: The England of Elizabeth: The Realm in Danger
- Be able to discuss the Elizabethan succession question and how it was resolved.
- Be able to discuss Elizabethan foreign policy regarding Ireland (chap 18) and Scotland.
- Be able to discuss the Revolt of the Northern Earls
- Be able to discuss the life of Mary, Queen of Scots.
- Be able to assess Elizabeth's reign.
Haigh, Elizabeth I.
- Queen and the Throne:
  - What did Elizabeth learn from her father and her siblings concerning the control of the succession, the power of the monarchy?
  - Why did Elizabeth refuse to name a successor?
  - How did Elizabeth define the attributes of female monarchy?
  - Why was Elizabeth reluctant to try and to execute Mary, Queen of Scots?
- Queen and the Church:
  - Was Elizabeth a politique?
  - What religious forces did Elizabeth face at the beginning of her reign and how did she deal with them?
  - Why was Elizabeth "soft on Catholics"? (p. 40)
  - What happened after 1582 to change her policy toward Catholics?
- Queen and the Nobility:
  - Know the social and political role of the English nobility.
  - Know the Northern earls, p. 52, Norfolk, Huntingdon, Sussex, Rutland, Winchester, Pembroke, and Essex (use your handouts).
  - Explain this statement: "The Queen had a highly conservative attitude towards noble status.
  - Who were Elizabeth's new, created nobles?
- Queen and the Court:
  - Explain the system of patronage that existed at Elizabeth's court.
  - Be able to discuss the rivalry between the Essex and Cecil factions in the 1590s.
  - How did the patronage system change in the latter part of Elizabeth's reign?
- Queen and Parliament:
  - What was Elizabeth's basic relationship with Parliament?
  - How did Elizabeth's councillors manipulate Parliament to force policies on her?
- Queen and the Military:
  - What were the differing objectives of Elizabeth's foreign policy throughout her reign, and how did she arrive at these policies?
  - How did conflicting interests of Elizabeth and her military leaders affect the sequence of events in the 1580s and 1590s?
  - What was the connection between the revolt of the Netherlands and the invasion of the Armada?
  - What were the results of the military activity from 1588 to the end of the reign, including intervention in France at the behest of Henri IV?
- Queen and the People:
  - How did Elizabeth maintain her relationship with her subjects?
  - Know the various attempted rebellions of the reign: Ridolfi, Throckmorton, Babington plots; revolt of the Northern Earls.
  - What does Haigh mean on p. 155 by the phrase "government by illusion"?
  - What were the causes of the crisis of the last decade of her reign?
- Conclusion:
  - Know the various conclusions Haigh draws about the reign of Elizabeth. Do you agree or disagree and why?
- Kelsey, Sir Francis Drake.
  - Be able to answer all the quiz questions:
    1. What was Drake's family background?
    2. What was Drake's religious background?
    3. How did Drake become involved in seafaring activities?
    4. How did Drake become known to the Queen's Privy Council members?
    5. How were John Hawkins and his family implicated in the slave trade?
    6. What are the sources for the facts of Drake's voyages?
    7. Why is there such mystery surrounding Drake's circumnavigation of the globe?
    8. What happened to Thomas Doughty?
    9. What is your working definition of pirate and piracy? How does Drake fit that definition?
    10. What is the relationship between Drake's activities and English national security, interests, or legitimate merchant business
    11. What happened to Drake after his return home from his trip of circumnavigation?
    12. What were the key points on landing during Drake's raid on the West Indies? How was it like and unlike his earlier voyages?
    13. Why did Drake make a raid on Cadiz and what were the outcomes?
    14. What was the chronology of the Spanish Armada sailing, and who were the principals?
    15. What was Drake's role in the Armada battles?
    16. Describe the battle of Gravelines.
    17. What caused the defeat of the Spanish Armada?
    18. What happened to Norris and Drake on the expedition to Lisbon?
    19. What happened on Drake's last voyage?
    20. How did Drake come to be seen as a Puritan hero?
    21. Assess Drake's career and contribution to English sovereignty.
  - Know the geography of Drake's voyages.
  - Be able to discuss why, given that many of us consider Drake a glorified criminal, he has excited perennial fascination and even admiration.
- Two Final Questions you can prepare for in advance:
  - What impact does popular culture (in the form of film) have on our perception of history? How does it distort and revise history, and for what purposes? Be specific in your answers, with reference to the films we have seen.
  - Be able to assess how, during the Tudor period, England entered into the modern age in terms of nationalism, even imperialism; capitalism, Protestantism, and military and cultural dominance.
    
    We do, after all, speak English, have taken capitalism to its present heights, were founded as a Protestant nation, and have achieved military and cultural dominance, even hegemony, or even, one might say, cultural imperialism.